Nano silver is used to treat the symptoms of hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids have plagued mankind since ancient times and can even affect world history. Emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, suffered from hemorrhoids. On the day of the decisive battle at Waterloo, Napoleon suffered from severe thrombophlebitis, which affected his ability to command the field. Today, hemorrhoids remain the most common anorectal disorder and are commonly seen in primary care clinics, emergency departments, gastroenterology, and surgical clinics. 1–4 More than half of people will at some point develop symptoms of hemorrhoids such as bleeding, itching, inflammation, and burning pain. Nano silver is known as a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory agent. The use of silver nano has shown to be effective in treating symptoms caused by internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids
Pathophysiology and presentation
Hemorrhoids are cushions of blood vessels in the lower part of the rectum and anus. The role of hemorrhoids is not entirely clear, but it has been suggested that they contribute to sensation and self-control. There are two types of hemorrhoids: internal and external. Internal hemorrhoids are located inside the anal canal and are covered by the lining of the anus. In most patients, one can identify three hemorrhoidal columns, two on the right and one on the left. However, some variation exists and some patients have more than three bundles. External hemorrhoids occupy the lower part of the anal canal and are covered by the skin and anus. External hemorrhoids may appear in one or more quadrants or may be circumferential.
The exact cause of hemorrhoids is unknown. Several contributing factors have been implicated, including human upright posture, aging, pregnancy, genetics, chronic constipation or diarrhea, and spending too much time on the toilet ( ie reading, pushing).
Patients often complain, “Doctor, I have hemorrhoids,” referring to any anorectal symptoms with hemorrhoids, including bleeding, lumps, lumps, and pain. It is important to keep in mind that although hemorrhoids are common, the differential diagnoses for anorectal disorders include dermatologic conditions such as anal pruritus, abscesses and fistulas, fis sexually transmitted diseases, warts, HIV, atypical infections such as tuberculosis, ulcers such as Crohn’s disease, and malignancies. The symptoms of internal and external hemorrhoids are summarized in Table 1. Although severe anal pain is often attributed to hemorrhoids, they are rarely the cause. In the absence of visible thrombosed external hemorrhoids (blood clots and swelling), severe pain is usually due to anal fissures rather than internal hemorrhoids. Panel 2 presents other causes of severe anal pain. important.
Nano silver are antibacterial agents in wound healing
Due to the outbreak of infectious diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria and the development of antibiotic resistance, pharmaceutical companies and researchers are searching for new antibacterial agents that are not causing drug resistance and low cost. Silver nanoparticles have emerged as a new antimicrobial agent, thanks to their high surface area to volume ratio and their unique chemical and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles can be used in various fields, especially medicine and pharmaceuticals due to their low toxicity to human cells, high thermal stability and low volatility. 45 These properties have led to a series of studies in which silver nanoparticles act as superior drugs and antimicrobials and have even been shown to block HIV binding to host cells. 58
Nano silver exhibited antibacterial effects against a large number of bacterial species (table 3). The mechanism of action and binding of silver nanoparticles with bacteria is still unclear, but it is known that silver binds to bacterial cell walls and cell membranes and inhibits respiration by which energy chemistry of molecules are partially released and captured in the form of adenosine triphosphate. Silver nanoparticles interact with sulfur-containing proteins of bacterial membranes, as well as with phosphorus-containing compounds such as DNA, to inhibit replication. 45 The bactericidal effect of silver is also attributed to inactivation of the enzyme phosphomannose isomerase, 59 which catalyzes the conversion of mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, an important intermediate of glycolysis, the most common pathway in bacteria for sugar catabolism
Silver nanoparticles inhibit both local and systemic inflammation
The inflammatory response is an important part of the wound healing process. Various inflammatory mediators are secreted to regulate wound healing. During normal wound healing, the viability of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory response is entirely consistent. To be successful in wound repair and tissue regeneration, the inflammatory response must be safely regulated in the body. An important mediator in this anti-inflammatory cascade appears to be interleukin 10 (IL-10), which can be produced by keratinocytes as well as inflammatory cells involved in the healing process, including T lymphocytes, macrophages and B 88 lymphocytes (Figure 5).
One of the unique actions of IL-10 is its ability to inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. 89.90 IL-10 also inhibits the migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation, in part by inhibiting the synthesis of several chemokines, including mononuclear chemoattractant protein-1 and pro-inflammatory proteins. macrophages-1a. 91 Both of these chemokines promote monocyte accumulation, and the pro-inflammatory protein macrophage-1a is also a potent chemoattractant to neutrophils in mice. 92
Tian et al. 93 investigated the effect of silver nanoparticles on the inflammatory response at the wound site and observed that low expression levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) transiently coincided with high interferon (IFN)-γ increased until wound closure in silver nanoparticles-treated animals. Since IFN-γ has been shown to be a potent antagonist of fibroblasts through its ability to inhibit fibroblast proliferation and matrix production, its control of TGF-β production may be possible. play some role. 94 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to promote healing. 95 Much higher levels of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected in keratinocytes at the wound margins and in keratinocytes migrating to cover the wound surface.
Apart from some monocytes, VEGF expression was not found in other cell types in the wound. 96 Thien et al. 93 suggests that keratinocytes in the wound are the main source of VEGF. Since VEGF is highly specific for endothelial cells, it is likely to act in a parasecretory manner on the emerging capillaries of wound margins and granulation tissues. 93 Some studies have shown that TGF-β can induce keratinocytes to induce VEGF gene expression. 59.97 Tian et al. 93 found that TGF-β increased and peaked at day 3 in silver nanoparticles-treated animals and may explain why significantly higher VEGF mRNA levels were maintained in the early stages of wound healing process. 93 Thien et al. 93 concluded that silver nanoparticles can modulate the local and systemic inflammatory response after burn injury by modulating cytokines (table 3). Because cytokines play an important role in wound healing, the authors investigated the expression patterns of IL-6, TGF-β1, IL-10, VEGF and IFN-γ by temporal polymerase chain reaction. quantification (PCR). The level of IL-6 mRNA in the wound area treated with Nano silver was maintained at a statistically significantly lower level throughout the healing process, whereas the mRNA level of TGF-β1 was higher during the healing period. Early healing in the treated site with silver nanoparticles.
Similar trends were also observed for IL-10, VEGF and IFN-γ mRNA. Furthermore, in this study, better cosmetic results were observed in animals treated with silver nanoparticles. 93 In terms of wound healing, enhanced expression of TGF-β1 mRNA was found in both keloids and hypertrophic scars. Accumulating evidence has suggested that TGF-β1 plays an important role in tissue fibrosis and post-traumatic scarring. The authors demonstrated that lower levels of TGF-β transiently coincided with increased levels of IFN-γ prior to wound closure in the silver nanoparticle-treated group. Since IFN-γ has been shown to be a potent antagonist of fibroblasts through its ability to inhibit fibroblast proliferation and matrix production, its control of TGF-β production may be possible. plays a role in the positive effect of silver on wound healing. Regarding angiogenesis, it is well known that VEGF promotes wound healing.
Conclusion and future prospects
An effective and adequate wound healing process is vital to the general health of any patient. In recent times, great progress has been made in uncovering the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the wound healing process. In the current clinical treatments of wounds and ulcers, drugs such as topical antimicrobials are still relevant. Furthermore, applying nanotechnology and incorporating knowledge of the cellular, subcellular events that occur during typical healing processes, it is clear that better therapeutic interventions can be obtained. Future. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities to improve wound treatments. The nanometer scale paves the way for the development of new materials for use in advanced medical technology. Silver nanoparticles exhibit remarkable biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral activities and antibacterial properties with fewer resistant bacteria. Nano silver dressings are now the new gold standard in the conservative treatment of wounds and burns, hemorrhoids, and open skin wounds caused by abrasions.
Reference source:
Silver Nanoparticles as Real Topical Bullets for Wound Healing
Thirumurugan Gunasekaran, MPharm, PhD,a,∗ Tadele Nigusse, MSc,b and Magharla Dasaratha Dhanaraju, MPharm, PhDa