Nano silver is attached to the carpet to effectively antibacterial and deodorize
Nano silver (Ag-NPs) are increasingly incorporated in a variety of products, textiles and healthcare, mainly due to their antimicrobial properties. The present study investigated the antibacterial effect and color change of carpets embedded with colloidal silver nanoparticles through a simple and cost-effective method. The effect of glue concentration on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as washing fastness was investigated. The results of silver treatment (6 pile nylon) diluted 50-100 ppm for outstanding antibacterial effect, reduction of 99.42% Staphylococcus aureus and 79.25% Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the bioactivity of AgNP was maintained even after ten washes. The removal of silver nanoparticles in wastewater was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX were used to confirm the presence of nanosilver on the surface. The results indicated that gram-positive bacteria were more resistant to silver than gram-negative bacteria. The right antibacterial agent deposited on the carpet can prevent unpleasant odors and the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, much effort has been made in nanotechnology and nanoparticles due to their unique properties and potential applications in healthcare, medicine, home textiles and hygiene as well as as protective clothing [1 – 4]. Today, there is growing concern about health hazards arising during medical and other treatment due to bacterial infections [5]. Means of shielding the human body against such threats need to be developed, of which one of the most popular is the production of antibacterial textiles for use in protective clothing, gauze and medical tape [6]. Due to the significant increase in the use of bactericidal, antiviral and fungicidal products, the demand for antibacterial agent of finished textiles is huge. as an excellent culture medium to control microbial growth and prevent spoiled textiles from smelling, a health problem caused by microorganisms [7-9]. Silver-based antibacterial agents have attracted much attention not only because the active substance Ag is not toxic to human cells, but also because of their novelty in being long-term biocides with thermal stability. high altitude and low volatility [10, 11].
Silver nanoparticles show strong antibacterial properties and are effective compared to other agents due to their large surface area to volume ratio, which provides better contact with microorganisms [12 – 15]. AgNPs penetrate the interior of the cell membrane and react with the thiol group, thereby blocking protein synthesis [16, 17].
Multifunctional household tools, especially carpets with antibacterial properties, have been actively developed to prevent human infection and the contact of any kind of bacteria in the environment. human life [18]. The large surface area and moisture holding capacity of floor coverings also support microbial growth on fabrics [19, 20]. Using silver nanoparticles leads to an increase in the number of particles per unit area, thereby maximizing the antibacterial effect [21]. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles deposited on nylon mats against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Since one of the challenges in developing textile applications is to keep the process simple and inexpensive, special attention has been paid to using a method that is easy to apply. Therefore, this paper presents a simple and effective method for antibacterial treatment of nylon carpets containing silver nanoparticles through spray method.
EXPERIMENT
Material
The solution used is colloidal silver nano in alcohol medium with an average particle size of 5 nm (0.8%) 8000 ppm provided by Iran Narminchemie Company. A multi-loop nylon rug manufactured by Palaz Moquette Co. Iran. Carpet pattern in the form of a nylon loop (polyamide-6). The mat is formed from three layers, with the first layer made of nylon fiber, the second layer – polypropylene and the third layer of non-woven polyester bonded to the second layer of synthetic resin.
Method
First, solutions of silver nanoparticles with different concentrations (50, 75, 100 ppm) were prepared. The solution volume was selected based on the appropriate nanosilver concentration on the ppm scale; The initial concentration is 80 ppm, chosen in the range of 50 – 100 ppm. Then the nylon carpet sample was cut to size 5×10 cm2 .
Here, a spray method was used to facilitate the application of an antibacterial compound to the carpet due to the texture of the carpet. Therefore, 10 mL of silver nanoparticle solution of different percentages was sprayed onto the carpet surface, after which the samples were placed in an oven at 100°C for 30 min to 90 min. The treated samples were then cut into a small size of 0.5 × 1 cm2 and prepared for antimicrobial testing
The AATCC 100-2004 test method was applied to evaluate the reduction of bacteria through immersing the treated samples in a bacterial solution. Two main bacteria, a Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, AATCC 6538) and a Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, AATCC 11303), were prepared for testing. All samples were tested on two bacteria cultures according to McFarland criteria, 1.5 × 10 8CFU/mL and 1 × 10-3 (0.5 McFarland). Prepared sterile samples were immersed in 1 mL of a suitable diluent in a bacterial test tube (according to McFarland criteria). The test tubes contained the mat and bacterial solution and were transferred to an incubator at 37°C for 24 h. The tubes were then removed from the incubator and the solution was dripped onto a plate to evaluate antibacterial properties. From each test tube, 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension mixed with molten trypticase soy agar (45°C) was cultured and placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 h, then bacterial colonies were counted. . The bacterial reduction was calculated using the equation 1
C=(B-A)*100%/A
where C is the percentage of bacteria reduction in percent CFU/ml, A is the number of colonies from untreated fabrics and B is the number of colonies of bacteria formed from treated fabrics.
In addition, the color change was significantly more prominent on the mats loaded with Ag-NP in the form of highly diluted colloid. The color change from yellow to brown, which occurs in an oxidation reaction, is a common drawback of Ag particles. This experiment tried to find a suitable diluent that not only has excellent antibacterial properties but also produces a mat that won’t yellow. To assess the color change of the carpet, color indices L*a*b* were measured and reported. In addition, color changes have been reported based on the formula of ∆E (equation 2).
With regard to the importance of a durable finish treatment and the discovery of silver’s durability on the product under repeated washing, samples as standard were washed 1 to 10 times with 1% detergent solution (w /v) at 60°C for 20 min, and finally obtained comparative and antibacterial properties.
In addition, absorption spectra were measured with a UV-vis Cary 300 spectrometer to show the existence of nano silver in the washing wastewater. For accurate study of the treated carpet surface and silver nanoparticles, scanning electron microscope (SEM: model LEO 440i, UK) at 300 – 30000 magnification was used. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was also used to confirm the presence of silver particles [22].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By counting the number of bacteria in the control and treated samples, the percentage reduction in bacteria was determined. The results of the reduction in all concentrations with the two bacteria are reported in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the minimum dilution of the silver nanoparticle solution (50 ppm = 0.05%) with properties. 99.99% bacteriostatic at 1.9 × 104 CFU/mL of Staphylococcus aureus and by increasing the dilution up to 100 ppm, 99.99% bacteria were reduced.
Lee and Jeong observed 99.99% bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and K. pneumonia, while concentrations of colloidal silver solutions were 10, 20, and 30 ppm on polyester nonwoven fabrics treated with silver particles 2 – 3 nm [23].
Table 1 (see page 97) shows that silver not only retains its strength after many washes, but also has antibacterial properties. The durability of the antibacterial property against staphylococcus aureus is more than for E coli. However, after 10 washes, the bactericidal rate decreased because the silver nanoparticles were not absorbed on the fiber surface, which were removed after washing. The percentage decrease was low compared with the increase in the concentration of nanosilver but was within the acceptable range of antibacterial activity.
The highest antibacterial properties against two different bacteria were obtained at 1.9 × 104CFU/mL (lower bacteria) with 100 ppm nanosilver. Table 1 (see page 97) shows that by reducing the bacterial dilution to 1.9 × 104CFU/mL, a suitable antibacterial agent is obtained.
Using a colloidal silver nano solution with a concentration of 50-100 ppm gives the best antibacterial ability without a noticeable change in color. Figure 1 (see page 97) shows the color produced on samples treated with different concentrations, and Figure 2 shows the color changes based on ∆E.
Furthermore, to confirm the presence of silver nanoparticles in the wastewater and its durability during repeated washing, UV-vis spectroscopy was used. The curves indicate that there is a peak at about 300 nm for the nanosilver solution, while there is no peak to confirm the presence of nanosilver in the wastewater. The results are shown in Figure 3.
SEM images and EDX analysis obtained from the samples confirmed the presence of silver on the carpet surface. The SEM images of the nanoparticles are illustrated in figure 4. In all SEM images, Ag-NPs show white color after 10 repeated washes, confirming reasonable persistence to antibacterial properties. The EDX samples indicated a small Ag-related peak, due to the very low silver concentration (100 ppm) (Figure 5).
According to the results presented in Table 2, Ag-NP showed very good antibacterial properties even at very low concentrations compared to the maximum bacterial dilution of 1.5 × 10 CFU/ml (0.5 McFarland ).
Reduce the bacteria of the carpet with 75, 100 ppm Ag-NPs against staphylococcus aureus by about 98% after the first wash due to the high strength of the silver nanoparticle solution. The resistance of nano silver gradually decreased especially for gold staphylococci, which showed very low resistance after ten washes. There is also a slight difference by increasing the dilution from 50 to 100.
E coli has higher resistance than staphylococcus aureus against nano silver antibacterial after 10 washes; however, when increasing the silver concentration from 50 ppm to 100 ppm, the antibacterial ability reached about 79.25% after 10 washes.
The aim of this study was to apply strict conditions to a product to determine the maximum viability of silver nanoparticles against two types of bacteria. Figures 6 and 7 (see page 100) show the number of colonies in the medium and samples treated after 10 washes against both bacteria.
Zheng et al. reported that silver treated cotton fabrics showed excellent and persistent antibacterial effects against both Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli with a reduction of more than 98.77% bacteria even after 20 washes. consecutive houses [24]. Vesna et.al showed that cotton fabrics loaded with silver nanoparticles between 10 ppm and 50 ppm colloid exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E coli, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans fungus. On the other hand, in another study, it was reported that cotton fabrics loaded with silver nanoparticles with 10 ppm colloid showed poor washing fastness. However, the desired antibacterial effect of cotton fabrics loaded with silver nanoparticles from a 50 ppm colloid was maintained after five washes [25]. Jantas showed that antibacterial fabrics show excellent antibacterial effects against E coli and can withstand 50 washes [26].
Suk-Woo et al. revealed that nylon 6/nano silver possesses excellent antibacterial properties and inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and K. pneumoniae [27]. In this study, the most susceptible bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and E coli. Tests performed on carpets indicate that Gram-negative (E coli) antibacterial properties are superior to Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). In general, gram-positive bacteria seem to have a better tolerance to silver than gram-negative cells. It has been previously reported that gram-negative bacteria are less sensitive to the antibacterial activity of silver. This resistance may be due to Gram-negative bacteria with complex cell walls. The cell wall of Gram-negatives is composed of lipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which provide effective protection against bactericidal agents, while Gram-positive has no LPS. Gram-positive, on the other hand, has a simple cell wall structure, in which the cytoplasmic membrane has a rigid peptidoglycan layer consisting of networks with many holes, allowing extramolecular particles to enter the cell without any difficulty. which [28-30].
Our aim in this work was to assemble silver nanoparticles on carpets using a simple, industrially applicable method in terms of safety and minimal impact on the environment. Nylon is selected as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, widely used in many industrial fields due to its low cost, superior fiber forming ability (elasticity), mechanical strength. Good, chemically and thermally stable.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of this paper is to find an easy way to apply silver nanoparticle solution on carpet to get antibacterial effect without changing color. The use of nano silver solution for bacteria removal, due to its economical consumption and effective applicability, is widely used in comparison with other finishing agents. By controlling pathogen activity, this technology is important for everyday applications. Therefore, it has been favored over other improvement and production methods because of its high efficiency, applicability, environmental compatibility and durability. For operations performed on nylon mats with a very low nano-silver ratio (50-100 ppm), the highest levels of bacterial removal for the most common bacteria were achieved without alteration. considerable color. In addition, the spray method can be applied to the final finishing stage of the carpet or even used in the home by spraying during use. UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed that there was no silver in the washing wastewater. This high aspect ratio of antibacterial property on carpets without any adverse effects of silver on the environment shows potential application in other textile fields.
Reference source: Durable Anti-bacterial Nylon Carpet Using Colloidal Nano Silver