Nano Silver, organic fertilizer (Algastar) and Salicylic Acid make effective foliar fertilizer
An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of the application of silver NPs fertilizers, organic fertilizers and growth regulators on the vegetative growth of sunflower plants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Spanish class (Viki) was grown from March 2013 to June 2013 at the College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Iraq. Three levels of nano silver viz, control, 25 and 50 mL / L (ppm); three levels of organic fertilizer (Algastar) viz., control, 0.75 and 1.5 g / L and three levels of salicylic acid viz., control 60 and 120 mg / L (ppm) were foliar sprayed in directional plants. positive 65 days old. The results showed that foliar spraying of 50 mL / L nano silver, 1.5 g / L organic manure (Algastar) and 120 mg / L salicylic acid had a positive effect on leaf number, number of branches and intermediate carbohydrate content. vase of leaves. . There was no significant interaction between nano-silver, organic fertilizers and salicylic acid across all studied traits of sunflower.
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1. INTRODUCE
Sunflowers are native to Northwest America and were introduced in Europe and Russia in the sixteenth century and have spread in tropical and temperate countries including Russia, Argentina, the European Union, Turkey and the South. Fly. Cultivation has increased in recent times due to the growing demand for monounsaturated sunflower oil although the intrinsic demand remains polyunsaturated oil. Monounsaturated oils need to contain more than 85% oleic acid [1].
Sunflowers are important crops for oil production after peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and global sunflower seed production has increased from 26-31 million tons in 2004. -2006 [2,3].
In particular, we must use best practices and new technologies to improve sunflower production in developing countries, especially in Iraq. Among these technologies are those provided by “small technology” science engineering or Nanotechnology, in which nanomaterials are used with sizes from 1-100 nm [4].
Generally, nanomaterials refer to a colloidal particle system, with sizes between 10 and 1000 nm, possessing unique properties, such as size-dependent quality, surface-to-volume ratio. high and promising optical properties [5].
Silver nanoparticles have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants. Recently, the biosynthesized AgNPs have shown a significant effect on seed germination and induce protein and carbohydrate synthesis, AgNPs have also enhanced seed germination and seedling development. AgNPs increased plant growth characteristics (shoot and root length, leaf area) and biochemical properties (chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein content) [6].
On the other hand, organic fertilizer (Algastar) is also considered an organic, natural fertilizer extracted from marine extracts that are amino acids in nature and natural hormones. and it includes nitrogen (1%), potassium (18%) alginic acid more than 10%, sulfur 1.3%, plant growth regulator and 45% organic matter. It contributes to increase the germination rate, for healthy seedlings, increases yield and quality of fruit, suitable for all crops. Salicylic acid (SA) or ortho-hydroxy benzoic acid is known to be one of the substances that can affect various physiological growth of plants and can play an important role in regulating growth and their productivity.
Salicylic acid is considered to be an endogenous growth regulator of phenolic compounds that stimulates plant morphology [7]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out the efficacy of foliar silver nanoparticles, organic fertilizers and salicylic acid singly and in combination in improving vegetative growth including several phenotypic characteristics. and carbohydrate content (Helianthus annuus L.).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in the fields of Wasit Governorate in 2013, College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Iraq. Soil texture is sandy meat with pH 7.5, EC2.98 dS m-1, organic carbon 37.52 mg / kg, P 68 mg / kg, available N 13 mg / kg and K 143 mg /. kg. is brought to a depth of 30 cm and soils appear simple patterns.
The area of the field is 364 m2 (length 40.5 m x width 9 m). It is divided into three blocks and the area of each block is 121.5 m2 (length 40.5 m x width 3 m) and each block is divided into 27 slabs for a total of 81 slabs, the area of each plate is ( 1.5 m × 3 m) in which a board contains 20 seeds. The treatments were foliar sprayed on 65-day-old plants. Silver nanoscale levels were 25 and 50 mL / L and 0.75 and 1.5 g / L for Algastar and 60 and 120 mg / L of salicylic acid outside of control. Average number of leaves, number of branches and leaves The carbohydrate content in leaves [8] was determined after 14 days of leaf treatment.
2.1 Statistical analysis
The trial was RCBD with three factorial factors for the three treatments of each treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS of the three-dimensional ANOVA test. A less significant difference (p <0.05) was calculated for comparison between treatment facilities [9].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ABOUT NANO SILVER
3.1 Average number of leaves
The results showed that nano-silver had a significant effect on the mean number of leaves (see Table 1). The steady increase in mean leaf counts was due to the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles from 25 mL / L to 50 mL / L and the mean leaf count increased from 21.93 to 24.15. The highest leaf counts were recorded in plants that were sprayed with 50 mL / L of silver nanoparticles. Organic manure (Algastar) also has a significant effect on mean leaf counts. Likewise, the average leaf count increased steadily due to increased levels of organic powders.
Maximum leaf counts were counted with 1.5 g / L (23.52) compost versus 0.75 g / L (21.37) and controls (17.41) respectively. Besides, the use of salicylic acid to varying degrees results in a high average leaf count. The maximum leaf counts (22.81) were reported with 120 mg / L salicylic acid compared with 60 mg / L salicylic acid and controls showed 21.11 and 18.37 leaves, respectively.
Interaction effects between silver nanoparticles and organic fertilizer (Algastar) were found to be significant on mean leaf counts (see Table 1). Maximum leaf counts were recorded in plants sprayed with 50 mL / L nano silver and 1.5 g / L organic manure, followed by 50 mL / L nano silver and 0.75 g / L organic manure ( 24.67); The minimum number of leaves (14,11) was recorded in the control plots. The interaction effect between silver nanoparticles and salicylic acid on the mean number of leaves was negligible. The combination containing 50 mL / L of silver nanoparticles and 120 mg / L of salicylic acid produced the highest leaf count (26.78), significantly different from the 50 mL / L nano silver combination with 60 mg. / L of salicylic acid (24,22). The interaction between the concentration of compost and salicylic acid also showed a significant effect on the number of leaves. The combination of compost (0.75 and 1.5 g / L) with salicylicacid (60 and 120 mg / L) resulted in a significantly higher mean leaf count than the control of 15.44 or with the use of 60 or 120 mg / L of non-organic salicylic acid 17,78 and 19,00 respectively.
Table 1. Representation of effects of nano silver (mL / L), organic fertilizers (Algastar) (g / L) and salicylic acid (mg / L) and their two and three interactions on mean leaf counts
3.2 Effect of nano-silver on the number of branches
The effects of silver nanoparticles, algastar and salicylic acid and their interactions were significant on the number of branches in sunflower. Silver nanoparticles increased the number of branches by 11.50 when the ratio reached a concentration of 50 mL / L, which was significantly different from the use of a concentration of 25 mL / L (8.15), compared to the control (3.63). . The organic fertilizer also achieved a significant increase in the number of branches when using a concentration of other than 1.5 g / L (9.59), which was significantly different from using 0.75 g / L (7). , 67) compared with the control (5.78).
Spraying with salicylic acid showed a high number of stems (9.30) when treated with 120 mg / L compared to control (5.89) and it was also significantly different when sprayed with 60 mg / L salicylic acid ( 7.85) respectively. The interaction effect between silver nanoparticles and organic fertilizer did not have a significant effect, while the interaction effect between silver nanoparticles and salicylic acid had a significant effect on the number of branches. The combinations containing nano-silver with salicylic acid 60 and 120 mg / L reported a significant increase in the number of clades compared to other treatments that did not include nano-silver.
The interaction effect between the organic manure concentration and salicylic acid also showed that all the organic manure combinations (0.75 and 1.5 g / L) with the acitsalicylic acid concentration (60 and 120 mg / L) resulted. to a more branch number than reference (4.44) or with the use of 60 or 120 mg / L salicylic acid without organic fertilizers were 5.67 and 7.22 selectively. There was no interaction effect between silver nanoparticles, organic fertilizer and salicylic acid on sunflower branch numbers.
Table 2. Representation of effects of nano silver (mL / L), organic fertilizers (Algastar) (g / L) and salicylic acid (mg / L) and their two and three interactions on branch numbers
3.3 Carbohydrate content in leaves (%)
The results in Table 3 show that leaf carbohydrate was significantly increased with successive increase in concentration of silver nanoparticles when it reached 46.78% when it was treated with 50 mL / L, significantly different from with concentrations of 25 mL / L (42.59%) and control up to 36.89% respectively. The use of organic fertilizers (Algastar) showed that the effects of carbohydrates on leaves reached 44.67% when using 1.5 g / L, different from a concentration less than 0.75 g / L, and it gave 43, 04%.
Salicylic acid with 120 mg / L achieved a high percentage of the carbohydrate content in the leaves (44.56%), which was significantly different from the use of 60 mg / L as it gave 42.44% and it differs from the solution. control formula 39.26%. On the one hand, the three-dimensional interaction effect of silver nanoparticles and organic fertilizers, and the two-way interaction effect of salicylic acid and organic fertilizers was not significant on the carbohydrate content in the leaves.
This can be explained by the action of nano silver or organic fertilizers or salicylic acid in single or combined form disrupting the major morphological component, especially the number of leaves and branches. In this study, the effects of the factors led to an increase in the mean leaf count and it is shown in Tables 1 and 2 possibly due to the use of AgNPs and it acts as ethylene cognitive inhibitors.
Besides, it may represent the effect of nano silver (mL / L), organic fertilizer (Algastar) (g / L) and salicylic acid (mg / L) (see Table 3) and two interactions. and their triplets for leaf carbohydrate content (%) interfere with ethylene biosynthesis that increases plant growth, particularly the number of leaves and average number of branches of leaves [10]. Organic fertilization increases cell division and elongation without hindering nutrient absorption and it gives better results due to better nutrition. Consequently, it improved plant morphology, especially the average number of leaves and branches [11,12,13].
Table 3. Presentation of effects of nano silver (mL / L), organic fertilizers (Algastar) (g / L) and salicylic acid (mg / L) and their two and three interactions on the carbohydrate content of leaves
Furthermore, SA as shown in Tables 1 and 2 is phenol in nature, involved in the regulation of physiological processes in plants and in the foliar application of SA, which may play an important role. plant aqueous systems, photosynthesis, stomata growth and regulation, as well as ion absorption and transport, membrane permeability, enhancement of indoleacetic acid content and enhancement of cell division and elongation of shoot cells [14,15].
The effects of the factors in this study on the increase in leaf carbohydrates shown in Table 3 may be matched to the photosynthetic pigments for corresponding AgNPs treatment as well as low silver nanoparticles that increase the intake. Soluble sugar [10, 16].
This improvement in the total carbohydrate content of foliar organic fertilization may be due to the mode of action of macro- and microelements to enhance photosynthetic activity and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes [17,18 ].
Application of SA can trigger the metabolic consumption of soluble sugars to form new cellular components as a mechanism to stimulate the growth of sunflower plants.
Photosynthetic pigments are increased in response to salicylic acid treatments and thus they significantly enhance the biosynthesis of total carbohydrates (Table 3) used in sunflower growth. These results are consistent with the findings of Dawood et al. [19].
4. CONCLUSION OF NANO SILVER EFFICIENCY
Silver nanoparticles, algastar and salicylic acid have positive effects on sunflower growth whether alone or in combination. High concentrations of foliar sprayed silver nanoparticles, organic matter and growth biologics increased the number of sunflower leaves and branches while 50 mL / L nano silver with 1.5 g / L organic manure. Has increased carbohydrate content in the leaves compared with other types of interactions
